Dinko Dinev

Oak Forest Experimental Station - Burgas, Bulgaria. Komplex 'Izgrev', 8008 Burgas, Bulgaria. E-mail: dinevds@abv.bg; dinevd@mail.bg

There are a number of problems within the temporarily inaccessible and hardly accessible forest exploitation basins, as the lack of a road network, lack of information about how many inaccessible basins are there, where are they located and what kind of a road network should be necessary for their exploitation. The present paper deals with the state of the inaccessible and hardly accessible forest exploitation basins in the Eastern Bulgaria (total 53) situated on the territory of the Regional Forestry Directorates (RFD) of Varna, Shumen, Sliven, and Burgas. The draft-traces of the new forest roads that should be constructed within the forest basins. The road locations have been adjusted and different variants of technological schemes, appropriate for the different working conditions and types of cutting were proposed. The total area and the resource, as well as the provided uses have been determined. The expenses required for logging have been calculated, as well as the expenses for road construction. The expected incomes, outcomes, and the prime costs of the wood planned for harvesting were calculated as well. The mountainous orography and the low density of the forest-road network within the basins provided opportunity for a choice between two types of machines to be used (a specialized tractor and a short cable systems), or a combination of both.

Amеlia Palma^*, Miguel Pestana, and Anamaria Azevedo

INRB - Instituto Nacional de Recursos Biolоgicos (L-INIA) Av. da Repуblica, Quinta do Marquеs 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal, ^*E-mail: avpalma@hotmail.com; E-mail: miguel.pestana@inrb.pt; E-mail: aazevedo49@gmail.com

In the past, Portugal was an important producer and exporter of crude resin (pine oleoresin) obtained from living trees. The main species used as a source of Portuguese naval stores until today is Pinus pinaster Ait., one of the most productive resin species. With the increase of labour costs in the forest, the international market competition from China and Brazil and the occurrence of severe forest fires, the importance of both resin yield and industry has sharply diminished. Despite of the decrease of Pinus pinaster area in last decades, this species still holds an important position in Portuguese forest - 885,019 ha, according to the last National Forest Inventory (NFI). In European Union (EU), Portugal remains one of the few countries with the capacity to supply and fulfil the special needs of some industries: for instance turpentine for perfumery and rosin for the manufacturing of tyres. In the present paper we estimated the potential yield capacity of the Portuguese maritime pine forest based on the NFI data, and made a summarized SWOT analysis, having in mind the weaknesses and the virtues of the remaining resin economic sector.

Dana Dina Kolevska^* and Pande Trajkov

Faculty of Forestry, bul. A. Makedonski bb, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
^*E-mail: dkolevska@sf.ukim.edu.mk, danakolevska@yahoo.com; ptrajkov@sf.ukim.edu.mk

In this paper features of container 'œPaperpot', 'œYucosad', 'œPirosad' and bare root seedlings, used in afforestation in the R. of Macedonia, are presented. Morphometrical features of seedlings were measured and statistically compared. A further development of Austrian black pine trees in stands and in experimental fields, raised from container and bare root seedlings in different ecological conditions was investigated. Height and diameter of trees were measured, and their vitality was estimated. Container type and its volume do not directly influence the seedlings quality. All investigated container seedlings have more or less satisfying features, independently on container. Survival, development and vitality of young stands depends more on site conditions and planting techniques; the influence of container type is not expressive. Survival and vitality of younger stands is quite poor. Trees in older stands develop more or less normally, influenced mostly by site conditions. There is not crucial influence of container type on development and vitality of stands recorded.

Nasko Iliev¹, Anna Petrakieva^2*, and Milko Milev¹

¹Department of Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, University of Forestry, 10 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria. E-mail: ilievnasko@abv.bg, E-mail: m_milev@abv.bg
²Executive Forest Agency, 55 “Hristo Botev” Blvd., 1040 Sofia, Bulgaria. ^*E-mail: anpetrakieva@yahoo.com

Several methods for overcoming wild cherry seed dormancy have been studied. Wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) seeds have shown to be affected by combined dormancy: weak morphological and deep physiological dormancy. Fresh stones responded differently to the various methods for dormancy breaking. The study showed that the dormancy of fresh seeds is successfully overcome by sowing the seeds immediately after their harvest or in autumn. Stored seeds, however, did not have a positive response to these specific sowing periods. Acceptable germination rates were achieved after application of seed stratification. Findings showed that accelerated stratifications did not give positive results for successful dormancy break in the conditions of Bulgaria. Stored seeds should be sown in spring after application of combined warm and cold stratifications with the following durations: 6 weeks of warm period and 5 months of cold period.

Dimitar Zakov^* and Dobrinka Zakova-Aleksandrova

Department of Ecology, Faculty of Ecology and Landscape Architecture, University of Forestry, Sofia, 10 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria. ^*E-mail: dizakov@mail.bg

The map of erosion has been drawn on the basis of black-and-white aerial photographs. Seven categories of terrain were differentiated according to land cover type and the areas subjected to erosion. Map interpretation included an analysis of the impact of the main relief characteristics (inclination, altitude and exposure) together with human activity upon the state of the studied terrains. This state was judged by the index of erosion. The impact of inclination has been found to be multi-aspect, depending on exposure. The latter, compared with the rest of the relief characteristics, predetermined erosion to the greatest extent. We confi rmed the decisive impact of anthropogenic activity.